- 1. What the Voted Text Actually Does
- 2. The Parameters, in One Place
- 3. Staking and DeFi Yield Move Into the Interest Regime
- 4. The Cost-Basis Clause Is Where Investors Get Caught
- 5. A Twelve-Month Window to Declare Old Gains
- 6. What the Text Leaves Open
- 7. How Greece Compares
- 8. Frequently Asked Questions
Greece’s parliament voted through a crypto tax framework on 5 November that puts a 10% rate on capital gains from token transfers and pulls staking, lending and DeFi yield into the interest-income regime at 15%. The bill cleared the chamber as part of a 390-article omnibus covering loan servicing, accounting reform and several EU directives, and the crypto provisions sit in articles 42 to 57.
The mechanics matter more than the headline rate. Gains are taxed only from transfers made on or after 1 January 2027. Crypto held and sold before that date can be declared voluntarily inside a twelve-month window that opens when the law is published in the Government Gazette, with no late-filing penalties and no interest, provided the tax is paid within 60 days of the declaration. The first €500 of net annual gain is exempt. Anything above it is taxed at 10%, and losses beyond €500 can be carried forward for five years against future crypto gains only.
The official record of the vote is on the Hellenic Parliament’s legislative tracker, which lists the bill as voted on 5 November and pending publication in the Gazette. The text itself is the filed bill document, submitted to the chamber on 26 October.
What the Voted Text Actually Does
Article 48 of the bill inserts a new article 42B into the Income Tax Code. It taxes “any income arising from the gain on transfer of crypto-assets, including trading tokens of any form,” and defines a crypto-asset as “the digital representation of value or a right that can be transferred and stored electronically, using distributed ledger technology or similar technology.” That definition is broad enough to cover tokens that never touch a Greek exchange, which is the point: the tax attaches to the resident, not the venue.
Article 50 then amends the rate article of the code so that crypto gains sit at 10%, below the 15% that applies to other capital transfers. In the bill’s own wording, “income from the gain on transfer of capital under article 42B is taxed at a rate of ten per cent (10%).”
Article 42B(2) defines what counts as a transfer. Three categories are listed: exchange of crypto-assets for a monetary amount; disposal of crypto-assets to acquire goods or services, “and generally any act of disposal of crypto-assets for consideration”; and contribution of crypto-assets to cover or increase company or share capital. Notice what is missing from that list, and what the catch-all clause is doing. More on that below.
The Parameters, in One Place
| Rate on gains | 10% (article 42B, rate in article 43 as amended by article 50) |
| Annual exemption | Net gain up to €500 per tax year |
| Loss treatment | Losses above €500 carried forward 5 years, offset only against crypto gains |
| First year of application | Tax years beginning 1 January 2027 |
| Rate on staking, lending, DeFi yield | 15%, as interest income under article 37 (amended by article 47) |
| Voluntary declaration window | 12 months from the law’s entry into force |
| Payment deadline after declaring | 60 days from filing |
| Inheritance and gift tax | Applies for tax obligations arising from 1 January 2027 |
Run the numbers on a mid-sized portfolio and the €500 exemption shrinks fast. An investor who puts €50,000 into tokens and books a 20% year has a €10,000 gain, pays €950 after the exemption, and ends up with an effective 1.9% charge on the portfolio value. To owe nothing at all, the net gain has to stay at or below €500, which on a €20,000 position means a return of 2.5% or less for the year, after losses are netted off.
Staking and DeFi Yield Move Into the Interest Regime
Article 47 is the provision DeFi users should read twice. It rewrites the definition of interest in article 37 of the code so that the term explicitly includes “income arising from crypto-asset lending activities, from participation in liquidity provision mechanisms or yields on decentralised protocols, as well as income from the commitment of crypto-assets to transaction validation mechanisms.” In plain terms, lending interest, liquidity-provider rewards, yield-farming returns and staking or forging rewards are all interest income, taxed at the 15% rate that article 40 sets for interest.
That classification has a second consequence buried in article 42B(5). When tokens were acquired through those activities, the acquisition price for a later disposal is “the value on which the interest tax of paragraph 2 of article 40 was calculated.” The bill is trying to stop the same euro being taxed twice: the reward is taxed as interest when it is received, and that taxed value becomes the cost basis when the token is eventually sold, so only the appreciation after receipt is taxed as a gain.
Where rewards are paid in tokens rather than cash, article 47 fixes the value at the time of the transaction. A validator paid in ETH in March has a March cost basis for that ETH, whatever the price does by December.
The Cost-Basis Clause Is Where Investors Get Caught
Article 42B(5) sets out how acquisition and sale prices are established: from the transaction documents issued by a crypto-asset service provider, from any intermediary that keeps records of the acquisition and transfer, or from “any other element that can be extracted directly from the distributed ledger.” Two sentences later comes the clause that will decide most disputes: “If the acquisition price cannot be determined, it is deemed to be zero.”
Zero basis turns a modest gain into a tax on the entire proceeds. Take an investor who bought €15,000 of bitcoin on an exchange in 2021, moved it to a self-custody wallet, and sells for €20,000 in 2028. With records, the gain is €5,000 and the tax is €500. Without records that satisfy the tax office, the assumed basis is zero, the taxable amount is the full €20,000, and the bill is €2,000. Same trade, €1,500 more tax, and the difference is paperwork, not profit.
Article 42B(6) adds the averaging rule: on successive acquisitions, the acquisition price is the average cost, calculated as total acquisition value divided by total quantity. For anyone who bought through 2021 and 2022 at wildly different prices, that averaging is the difference between a small gain and a large one. It also means the “first in, first out” accounting many portfolio trackers default to is not what the Greek code describes.
A Twelve-Month Window to Declare Old Gains
Article 49 gives residents a route to regularise the past. Natural persons who transferred crypto-assets before article 42B took effect, or who earned income from crypto lending, liquidity provision, DeFi yields, staking or forging before the relevant provision applied, may file a declaration “within a period of twelve (12) months from the entry into force of this law.” Payment is due within 60 days of filing, and article 49(3) states that filing does not trigger the fines or interest of the Tax Procedure Code “provided that the tax is paid within the legal deadline.”
The clock has not started. Article 390 of the bill makes the law effective on publication in the Government Gazette unless a provision says otherwise, and the parliament record still lists the bill as awaiting publication. Until that happens, the twelve months have not begun to run.
Article 49(4) narrows the benefit in a way that deserves attention. For the purpose of covering presumptive-income thresholds under articles 31 and 32, only the gain and income declared under this article count, and the acquisition value of the crypto-assets is not recognised. A declaration therefore documents the tax paid without giving the declarant credit for the capital that funded the purchase.
What the Text Leaves Open
Token-for-token swaps are the loose thread. Article 42B(2) names exchanges for money, disposals for goods and services, and capital contributions. A swap of one token for another is not named. It could fall inside “generally any act of disposal of crypto-assets for consideration,” or it could be read as an exchange of equivalent assets that produces no realisation. The bill does not settle the question, and article 42B(8) hands the detail to decisions by the Governor of the Independent Authority for Public Revenue, issued after opinions from the Hellenic Capital Market Commission and the Bank of Greece. Those decisions will also set the documentation and verification obligations, retention periods and information-sharing arrangements.
Supervision is the other half of the package. Articles 55 and 56 give the Capital Market Commission technical and supervisory measures against unlicensed provision of investment and crypto-asset services and against illegal public offerings conducted online, effective from publication. The bill’s stated purpose in article 42 is twofold: “legal certainty and tax certainty” on one side, and “protection of the investing public from the unlicensed provision of investment services and crypto-asset services” on the other.
Revenue is the open number. A senior finance ministry official told Reuters that receipts could not be forecast because the overwhelming majority of Greek investors use platforms abroad, which makes the size of the domestic market hard to measure, and that further implementing guidance would be published in the coming weeks. The regulatory impact analysis filed with the bill sits next to the text on the parliament record.
How Greece Compares
European Union members do not share a crypto tax regime, and rates run from roughly 8% to 30% depending on the country and the type of gain, according to the same Reuters reporting. At 10%, Greece lands at the lower end, and five percentage points below its own 15% rate for other capital transfers. On a €100,000 gain, the gap between 10% and 15% is €5,000. The 31.4% levy France applied to stablecoin holdings shows how far the range stretches in the other direction.
The framework also follows the path traced in the draft bill that circulated in October. That earlier version set the same 10% rate on gains, and the draft-bill analysis published at the time flagged the €500 threshold and the treatment of staking rewards as the provisions to watch. What the vote added was the full set of mechanics: the zero-basis default, the five-year loss carry-forward, the averaging rule, the interest classification for DeFi yield and the twelve-month declaration window with a 60-day payment deadline.
For a Greek resident with tokens on a foreign exchange, the practical checklist is short and unpleasant. Export the transaction history now, while the platform still holds it. Reconstruct cost basis for anything bought before 2024 on venues that have since closed. Decide whether pre-2027 gains are worth declaring inside the window, given that the declaration will be visible to the tax authority and will not help with presumptive-income coverage. And treat the drafting of a will or gift plan as part of the exercise: from 1 January 2027, crypto-assets are treated as intangible movable property situated abroad for inheritance, gift and parental-gift tax purposes, which means their value has to be established at the date of transfer, not at the date of purchase.
Frequently Asked Questions
When does the Greek crypto tax start?
The 10% rate applies to gains on transfers made in tax years beginning 1 January 2027. The law itself takes effect on publication in the Government Gazette, which had not happened when parliament voted on 5 November 2026.
Do I pay tax if my annual crypto gain is under €500?
No. Article 42B(7) exempts the gain where the total net amount, after offsetting losses, does not exceed €500 per tax year. The threshold applies to the net figure across all disposals in the year, not to each trade.
How are staking and DeFi rewards taxed in Greece?
As interest income at 15%. Article 47 adds crypto lending, liquidity provision, DeFi yields and staking or forging rewards to the definition of interest in article 37, and article 40 sets the 15% rate for interest.
What if I cannot prove what I paid for my crypto?
Article 42B(5) deems the acquisition price to be zero when it cannot be determined, so the full sale proceeds become the taxable gain. Exchange statements, intermediary records and data readable from the blockchain are the accepted routes to establishing cost.
Can I still declare gains from before 2027 without a penalty?
Yes, inside the window opened by article 49: twelve months from the law’s entry into force, with the tax payable within 60 days of filing and no fines or interest under the Tax Procedure Code if payment is made on time.
