Introduction
A large majority of people in the cryptocurrency market use centralized exchanges to buy and sell coins or to perform trades. On these exchanges, transactions follow the order books and exchanges charge fees when the orders are filled. This is not the case on decentralized exchanges like Uniswap, PancakeSwap, etc. There is no concept of order books on these exchanges. Buying and selling occurs through Automated Market Makers (AMMs). Transactions are charged for a fixed amount, which is called the gas fee.
What is Gas Fee?
Gas fee is the amount of cryptocurrency you pay to a blockchain network to process and record your transaction. Gas fees play a crucial role in keeping blockchain networks secure and efficient. They act as an incentive for validators or miners to process transactions and prevent spam by making it costly to overload the network with unnecessary activity. The fee amount reflects both the complexity of a transaction and the level of demand on the network at that moment. When activity is high, fees tend to rise, and during quieter periods, they drop. In essence, gas fees are not just a cost for users. They are a fundamental mechanism that ensures fair resource allocation and smooth network operation.
Why It Is Necessary
When you intend to perform a transaction on a decentralized exchange, it is carried out on a blockchain for example on that of Solana, Polkadot, Avalanche, etc. A blockchain is just like a large financial register in which anybody can view any entry. However, to enter a new record (to make a new block) in that ledger, verification is necessary. This verification needs some computational power. Complicated verification obviously needs more power. The more complicated a transaction is, the heavier its gas fees will be.
As is already hinted, the gas fees are paid to the validators to reward them for their 24/7 presence on the validator nodes. A validator has to keep their hardware on and remain online round the clock. If they go offline or turn their systems off, they can be penalized. Any transaction you initiate goes to a validator node that checks whether you actually have funds that you are trying to use. After verification, the node adds your intended transaction to the blockchain.
The Calculation of Gas Fee
The process of gas fees calculation varies from one blockchain to another. To understand the process, let’s take an example of the Solana blockchain.
Solana Blockchain
Two different kinds of gas fees are applicable on Solana blockchain: Base fee, which is compulsory, and prioritization fee, which you pay only if you want your transaction to be processed faster than the normal transactions. For gas fees, 1 $Sol is split into 1 billion lamports. The base fee is 5,000 lamports per signature. 50% of this base fee is rewarded to the validator and the remaining 50% is burned, which means that it is removed from the supply permanently.
Prioritization fees are paid wholly to the validator. When you opt to accelerate your transaction, you also choose how many compute units will be used to process it. In such cases, the total fee will be the sum of the base fee and the prioritization fee.
Ethereum Blockchain
The process of gas fee calculation on Ethereum worked a bit differently before Ethereum Improvement Proposal of London in 2021.
Before starting a transaction, you needed to specify how much fee you could afford to pay. If the actual fee turned out to be less than what you had specified, the surplus amount was refunded. On the other hand, if your specified amount ran out before the transaction was completed, the transaction failed, yet a tiny amount was paid to the validator, and it was deducted from your funds.
After EIP-1559, the fee structure is exactly similar to that of Solana: there is a fixed base fee and an optional priority fee. However, the base fee may vary depending upon how congested the network is at the time of execution of your transaction. The burning mechanism is also the same as that in Solana.
As the gas fee on Solana blockchain is measured in lamports, gwei is the unit used on Ethereum blockchain. 1 gwei is equal to one billionth of an $ETH.
Fluctuations in Gas Fees
Despite having acquired the essential information regarding the calculation process of gas fees, you might observe that there is a wide variety. The ups and downs in the amount of gas fees occur due to two reasons.
The first reason is the engagement of the network. When there are large number of transactions in the waiting list, the validator automatically chooses the ones with higher fees. Conversely, when there are few transactions in line, the fees tend to be on the lower side.
The other reason is the complexity of your transaction. In addition to paying the basic gas fees, you need to pay the optional priority fees to get it filled. Otherwise, the transaction can either fail or take unpleasantly long time to complete.
How to Execute Economical Transactions
You cannot avoid gas fees. But you can limit being charged more than usual if you follow certain guidelines.
1. Check real-time gas fee estimates using wallets, apps, or explorers like Etherscan and BscScan in case of Ethereum.
2. If you’re not in a rush, setting a lower gas price can save money, though it may slow confirmation.
3. Gas costs rise for complex actions such as smart contract interactions, so budget accordingly.
4. Transacting during off-peak hours often reduces fees, and staying informed about network upgrades or layer-2 solutions can help lower costs and improve transaction speed.
Conclusion
In short, gas fees may feel like a penalty for traders, but actually they are a necessity to maintain a blockchain and keep it thriving. Different blockchains charge differently, but there are a few similarities that make the process of understanding easy for a beginner. Finally, you can limit how much you are charged if you use appropriate wallets and keep in mind the peak hours of activity.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a gas fee in cryptocurrency?
A gas fee is the amount of cryptocurrency you pay to a blockchain network to process and record your transaction. It keeps the network secure and efficient by rewarding validators and discouraging spam activity.
Why are gas fees necessary on blockchains?
Gas fees are necessary because validators use computational power to verify and add transactions to the blockchain. The more complex a transaction is, the more gas fees it requires, which compensates validators for their work and ensures continuous network security.
Why do gas fees fluctuate so much?
Gas fees fluctuate mainly because of network engagement and transaction complexity. When there are many pending transactions, validators prioritize those with higher fees. Complex actions, like smart contract interactions, also increase costs.
How can I reduce the amount I pay in gas fees?
While gas fees cannot be avoided, you can save money by checking real-time fee estimates, transacting during off-peak hours, setting lower gas prices if not in a rush, and using solutions like layer-2 scaling.
